A real-time rock mass class identification model of the tunnel face based on TBM tunneling and the corresponding muck characteristic parameters

Liu Huang a, Qiuming Gong a, Ju Wang b c, Hongsu Ma b c, Xiaoxiong Zhou d, Xingfei Xie a, Hongjiao Song e

a Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China

b Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology, Beijing, 100029, China

c CAEA Innovation Center for Geological Disposal of High-Level Radioactive Waste, Beijing, 100029, China

d School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, China

e Tunnel Engineering Co., Ltd.,China Railway 18th Bureau Group, Chongqing, 400700,China

Received 8 November 2024, Revised 15 January 2025, Accepted 8 February 2025, Available online 20 February 2025, Version of Record 20 February 2025.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1365160925000346