Tunnel face rock mass class rapid identification based on TBM cutterhead vibration monitoring and deep learning model

Qisheng Tang

Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China

Qingsong Hu

Xinjiang Shuifa Construction Group Co., Ltd, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China

Ganggang Wang

Xinjiang Shuifa Construction Group Co., Ltd, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China

Xiangjin Liu

Xinjiang Shuifa Construction Group Co., Ltd, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China

Puyue Huang

Xinjiang Shuifa Construction Group Co., Ltd, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-96875-x