TBM rock mass classification using XGBoost and Interpretable Machine learning

Yaoqi Nie a b, Qian Zhang a b f, Lili Hou d f, Lijie Du a b, Xiaolong Zhao b c, Yujie Xue b c, ZhiCheng Lin b c, Xiuxiu Cao e, Zixin Wang a b

a School of Safety Engineering and Emergency Management,Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China

b Key Laboratory of Structure Health Monitoring and Control, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China

c School of Civil Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043 Hebei, China

d School of Information Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China

e School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, No. 3 of Shangyuancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100044, China

f School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan

Received 18 February 2025, Revised 1 April 2025, Accepted 8 May 2025, Available online 13 May 2025, Version of Record 13 May 2025.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1474034625003520