Fire in road and rail tunnels spreads very rapidly due to radiation. Charged particles are reflected from the internal surfaces of the tunnel, making it act like a clay oven. Hot gasses accumulating in the tunnel can lead to a flashover. Improper use of ventilation in an emergency can lead to “ventilated oven conditions”, increasing the convection effect and allowing the fire to gain intensity and spread inside the tunnel. A fire in a tunnel should therefore be controlled in its early stages, in order to limit its spread.
Not all tunnels are provided with service tunnels connected to the main tunnel, and sometimes the driving distance for emergency vehicles can be relatively long. The electrification system to trains inside the tunnel needs to be de-energized by the people with the proper jurisdiction, authority and knowledge before manual fire fighting can be organised. Interventions may also be delayed by the difficulty involved in identifying the fire area due to heavy toxic fumes, extremely high temperatures, obstructions, derailments or unknown hazardous materials. Considering the above, property damages resulting from a fire in a tunnel can be very significant, including both tunnel structure, vehicles and track.
Tunnel owners and operators are confronted with the problem of rising costs for tunnel safety
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cover tunnel photo by: Matt Brown from London, England / CC BY
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