Open source article.

Challenges and Opportunities of Data-Driven Advance Classification for Hard Rock TBM excavations

Georg H. Erharter and Paul Unterlass have contributed equally to this work.

Georg H. Erharter

Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Sandakerveien 140, Oslo, Norway

Paul Unterlass 

Institute of Rock Mechanics and Tunnelling, Graz University of Technology, Rechbauerstrae 12, Graz, Austria

Nedim Radoni

iC Consulenten ZT GmbH, Schnbrunnerstrae 12, Vienna, Austria

Thomas Marcher

Institute of Rock Mechanics and Tunnelling, Graz University of Technology, Rechbauerstrae 12, Graz, Austria

Jamal Rostami

Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St, Golden, CO, USA

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00603-025-04542-4